Ted Talk om dialogkaffe

Özlem Cekic

  • År: 2018

Analyseret af
Anna Glerup, Luna Raaschou, Nils Baudier og Barbara Damholt, retorikstuderende ved Københavns Universitet

“I just thought that the senders and I had nothing in common. They didn't understand me, and I didn't understand them.”

Foto: Vita Korsgsaard

Den retoriske situation:

Da Özlem Cekic blev valgt ind i Folketinget i 2007, var det som den første kvindelige muslim. I den forbindelse begyndte hun at modtage flere og flere hadebeskeder, der særligt kommenterede på hendes baggrund som både muslim og kurder. I starten tog hun afstand fra de racistiske beskeder og slettede dem, når hun modtog en hadefuld besked. Senere gemte hun beskederne som bevis, hvis nogle af truslerne skulle blive til virkelighed.

Men under en snak med en ven, hvor hun frustreret fortalte om oplevelsen ved dagligt at modtage så mange racistiske og nedladende kommentarer, foreslog vennen, at hun mødte afsenderne med åbne arme. Med andre ord skulle hun ringe dem op og invitere sig selv på kaffe for at have en snak sammen. En snak, der skulle åbne øjnene for hinandens forskelle og ligheder, og som måske kunne være med at fjerne fordomme mellem samtalepartnerne. På den måde begyndte projektet #dialoguecoffee, der i 2018, hvor talen blev holdt, havde været i gang i 8 år med Cekic som frontperson.

Derfor holdte Cekic i 2018 denne Ted Talk for at fortælle om sit projekt med at mindske fordommene og sætte fokus på alt det, vi har til fælles. Ted Talk skriver om sig selv at “TED is a global community, welcoming people from every discipline and culture who seek a deeper understanding of the world,” og publikum må antages at være en gruppe mennesker med en blandet uddannelsesbaggrund, der har en interesse for emnet og den generelle samfundsdebat. Ofte plejer Ted Talks at basere sig på forskning og fremlægges ofte af forskere med særligt fokus på logos. Cekics tale derimod baserer sig udelukkende på praktisk erfaring og har både etos og patos i centrum, og talen bliver derfor en form for genrehybrid.

Talen er desuden holdt på engelsk, hvilket har været et benspænd for Cekic. Hun havde nemlig kun lært engelsk nogle få år forinden og var stadig så usikker på sproget, at hun måtte indlære og øve ordene som en del af sin forberedelse.

Hvorfor er denne tale interessant:

Denne tale er interessant af flere forskellige årsager. Først og fremmest er det interessant at se på den måde, hvorpå Cekic italesætter problematikken omkring “hate” og hadebeskeder. Talen omhandler et meget alvorligt problem og berører emner som had, racisme og fordomme. På trods af dette - og på trods af at talen endda tager udgangspunkt i ubehagelige beskeder og situationer, som Cekic selv har været udsat for - vælger hun at belyse dette på en positiv måde. Hun lægger vægt på, at vi kan lære af hinandens forskelligheder, og gør brug af en masse humor og smil undervejs i talen. Hun formår derved at vende en negativ situation til noget positivt.

Yderligere er talen interessant, da netop problematikken omkring hadebeskeder er yderst aktuel - både nu og i 2018, hvor talen blev holdt. I takt med at brugen af sociale medier vokser, er hadebeskeder blevet et problem der fylder mere og mere, og opleves af flere og flere mennesker. Derfor er Cekics tale og perspektiv på dette rigtig interessant.

En tredje ting der er interessant ved talen, er at Cekic bruger en bred palette af retoriske greb. Hun benytter sig af alle tre appelformer, af narrativer og af mange forskellige sproglige stilfigurer.

Video:

My inbox is full of hate mails and personal abuse and has been for years. In 2010, I started answering those mails and suggesting to the writer that we might meet for coffee and a chat. I have had hundreds of encounters. They have taught me something important that I want to share with you.

I was born in Turkey from Kurdish parents and we moved to Denmark when I was a young child. In 2007, I ran for a seat in the Danish parliament as one of the first women with a minority background. I was elected, but I soon found out that not everyone was happy about it as I had to quickly get used to finding hate messages in my inbox. Those emails would begin with something like this: "What's a raghead like you doing in our parliament?" I never answered. I'd just delete the emails. I just thought that the senders and I had nothing in common. They didn't understand me, and I didn't understand them. Then one day, one of my colleagues in the parliament said that I should save the hate mails. "When something happens to you, it will give the police a lead."

I noticed that she said, "When something happens" and not "if."

Sometimes hateful letters were also sent to my home address. The more I became involved in public debate, the more hate mail and threats I received. After a while, I got a secret address and I had to take extra precautions to protect my family. Then in 2010, a Nazi began to harass me. It was a man who had attacked Muslim women on the street. Over time, it became much worse. I was at the zoo with my children, and the phone was ringing constantly. It was the Nazi. I had the impression that he was close. We headed home. When we got back, my son asked, "Why does he hate you so much, Mom, when he doesn't even know you?" "Some people are just stupid," I said. And at the time, I actually thought that was a pretty clever answer. And I suspect that that is the answer most of us would give. The others -- they are stupid, brainwashed, ignorant. We are the good guys and they are the bad guys, period.

Several weeks later I was at a friend's house, and I was very upset and angry about all the hate and racism I had met. It was he who suggested that I should call them up and visit them. "They will kill me," I said. "They would never attack a member of the Danish Parliament," he said. "And anyway, if they killed you, you would become a martyr." "So it's pure win-win situation for you."

His advice was so unexpected, when I got home, I turned on my computer and opened the folder where I had saved all the hate mail. There were literally hundreds of them. Emails that started with words like "terrorist," "raghead," "rat," "whore." I decided to contact the one who had sent me the most. His name was Ingolf. I decided to contact him just once so I could say at least I had tried. To my surprise and shock, he answered the phone. I blurted out, "Hello, my name is Özlem. You have sent me so many hate mails. You don't know me, I don't know you. I was wondering if I could come around and we can drink a coffee together and talk about it?"here was silence on the line. And then he said, "I have to ask my wife." What? The racist has a wife

A couple of days later, we met at his house. I will never forget when he opened his front door and reached out to shake my hand. I felt so disappointed because he looked nothing like I'd imagined. I had expected a horrible person -- dirty, messy house. It was not. His house smelled of coffee which was served from a coffee set identical to the one my parents used. I ended up staying for two and a half hours. And we had so many things in common. Even our prejudices were alike.

Ingolf told me that when he waits for the bus and the bus stops 10 meters away from him, it was because the driver was a "raghead." I recognized that feeling. When I was young and I waited for the bus and it stopped 10 meters away from me, I was sure that the driver was a racist.

When I got home, I was very ambivalent about my experience. On the one hand, I really liked Ingolf. He was easy and pleasant to talk to, but on the other hand, I couldn't stand the idea of having so much in common with someone who had such clearly racist views. Gradually, and painfully, I came to realize that I had been just as judgmental of those who had sent me hate mails as they had been of me.

This was the beginning of what I call #dialoguecoffee. Basically, I sit down for coffee with people who have said the most terrible things to me to try to understand why they hate people like me when they don't even know me. I have been doing this the last eight years. The vast majority of people I approach agree to meet me. Most of them are men, but I have also met women. I have made it a rule to always meet them in their house to convey from the outset that I trust them. I always bring food because when we eat together, it is easier to find what we have in common and make peace together.

Along the way, I have learned some valuable lessons. The people who sent hate mails are workers, husbands, wives, parents like you and me. I'm not saying that their behavior is acceptable, but I have learned to distance myself from the hateful views without distancing myself from the person who's expressing those views. And I have discovered that the people I visit are just as afraid of people they don't know as I was afraid of them before I started inviting myself for coffee.

During these meetings, a specific theme keeps coming up. It shows up regardless whether I'm talking to a humanist or a racist, a man, a woman, a Muslim or an atheist. They all seem to think that other people are to blame for the hate and for the generalization of groups. They all believe that other people have to stop demonizing. They point at politicians, the media, their neighbor or the bus driver who stops 10 meters away. But when I asked, "What about you? What can you do?", the reply is usually, "What can I do? I have no influence. I have no power." I know that feeling. For a large part of my life, I also thought that I didn't have any power or influence -- even when I was a member of the Danish parliament. But today I know the reality is different. We all have power and influence where we are, so we must never, never underestimate our own potential.

The #dialoguecoffee meetings have taught me that people of all political convictions can be caught demonizing the others with different views. I know what I'm talking about. As a young child, I hated different population groups. And at the time, my religious views were very extreme. But my friendship with Turks, with Danes, with Jews and with racists has vaccinated me against my own prejudices. I grew up in a working-class family, and on my journey I have met many people who have insisted on speaking to me. They have changed my views. They have formed me as a democratic citizen and a bridge builder. If you want to prevent hate and violence, we have to talk to as many people as possible for as long as possible while being as open as possible. That can only be achieved through debate, critical conversation and insisting on dialogue that doesn't demonize people.

I'm going to ask you a question. I invite you to think about it when you get home and in the coming days, but you have to be honest with yourself. It should be easy, no one else will know it. The question is this ... who do you demonize?Do you think supporters of American President Trump are deplorables? Or that those who voted for Turkish President Erdoğan are crazy Islamists? Or that those who voted for Le Pen in France are stupid fascists? Or perhaps you think that Americans who voted for Bernie Sanders are immature hippies.

All those words have been used to vilify those groups. Maybe at this point, do you think I am an idealist?

I want to give you a challenge. Before the end of this year, I challenge you to invite someone who you demonize -- someone who you disagree with politically and/or culturally and don't think you have anything in common with. I challenge you to invite someone like this to #dialoguecoffee. Remember Ingolf? Basically, I'm asking you to find an Ingolf in your life, contact him or her and suggest that you can meet for #dialoguecofee.

When you start at #dialoguecoffee, you have to remember this: first, don't give up if the person refuses at first. Sometimes it's taken me nearly one year to arrange a #dialoguecoffee meeting. Two: acknowledge the other person's courage. It isn't just you who's brave. The one who's inviting you into their home is just as brave. Three: don't judge during the conversation. Make sure that most of the conversation focuses on what you have in common. As I said, bring food. And finally, remember to finish the conversation in a positive way because you are going to meet again. A bridge can't be built in one day.

We are living in a world where many people hold definitive and often extreme opinions about the others without knowing much about them. We notice of course the prejudices on the other side than in our own bases. And we ban them from our lives. We delete the hate mails. We hang out only with people who think like us and talk about the others in a category of disdain. We unfriend people on Facebook, and when we meet people who are discriminating or dehumanizing people or groups, we don't insist on speaking with them to challenge their opinions. That's how healthy democratic societies break down -- when we don't check the personal responsibility for the democracy. We take the democracy for granted. It is not. Conversation is the most difficult thing in a democracy and also the most important.

So here's my challenge. Find your Ingolf.

Start a conversation. Trenches have been dug between people, yes, but we all have the ability to build the bridges that cross the trenches.

And let me end by quoting my friend, Sergeot Uzan, who lost his son, Dan Uzan, in a terror attack on a Jewish synagogue in Copenhagen, 2015. Sergio rejected any suggestion of revenge and instead said this ... "Evil can only be defeated by kindness between people. Kindness demands courage." Dear friends, let's be courageous.

Thank you.

Det siger retorikerne:

Generelt gennem talen gør Özlem Cekic stort brug af humor, hvilket skaber en god forbindelse mellem hende og publikum. Hun gør det også tydeligt, at vi alle i virkeligheden går rundt med mange af de samme fordomme om hinanden, hvilket i virkeligheden også er ret ironisk. Dette er med til at bringe Cekic og publikum tættere på hinanden, ligesom det har bragt hende og hendes samtalepartnere tættere på hinanden. Hun vil gerne åbne folks øjne op for, at når vi dømmer en gruppe mennesker på baggrund af etnicitet, religion eller andet, så dømmer den gruppe mennesker også den anden vej rundt. Bare fordi man ikke selv er den, der siger sine fordomme højt og sender hadebeskeder til andre, så er man ikke meget bedre selv. Vejen frem er åbenhed, venlighed og mod.

Vi kan ud fra vores betragtninger og ved hjælp af det tilstedeværende publikum desuden kommenterer på værdien af talen. Da humor bliver brugt som en rød tråd og til at skabe en tættere relation til publikum, er det netop interessant at iagttage publikum. Selvom emnet er alvorligt, høres der regelmæssigt grin blandt tilhørerne, noget som antyder, at Cekic med fordel er lykkedes med at bruge humor til at skabe en behagelig og til tider morsom atmosfære, som bidrager til hendes etos som taler. Dermed får hun sit budskab klarere igennem og publikum er mere åbne for at se emnet i Cekics perspektiv.

Derudover benytter Cekic sig af mange retoriske virkemidler som metaforer, gentagelsesfigurer og ironi.

Alt i alt har talen altså været effektiv i sin situation, og Cekic har formået at komme igennem med sit overordnede budskab om, at vi alle bør være mere åbne for hinanden.

  1. Her introducerer Cekic talens budskab om, at vi alle har mere tilfælles, end vi er forskellige. Dog vælger hun at indlede ved at fortælle om dengang hun selv troede på det modsatte. Hun imødekommer sit publikum og dem, der sidder med samme tanker, ved at påtale, at hun selv har tænkt sådan, og at det er helt normalt at tænke sådan. På den måde bevæger talen sig igennem en proces, hvor sætningen her ender med at blive modbevist i løbet af talen.
  2. Her inddrager Cekic en fortælling i sin tale. Det skaber nærvær, i det hun lukker publikum ind i en konkret og personlig episode. Det, at fortællingen omhandler hendes børn og familieliv, har en patoseffekt.
  3. Den ironiske kommentar, om at det er en win-win situation om hun bliver dræbt eller ej, sætter hele passagen i et humoristisk lys. Det dystre emne bliver gjort lettere at forholde sig til, og det er tydeligt at se, at publikum tager godt imod kommentaren, idet der lyder et fælles grin i salen. Det er altså et eksempel på, hvordan talen kaster et positivt lys på et alvorligt emne, hvilket i sidste ende understøtter Cekics budskab om, at vi bør se mere positivt på hinanden.
  4. Her kommunikerer Özlem at hun ikke er anderledes fra sit publikum. Hun havde ikke lyst til at imødekomme idéen om at sidde ned med personerne som skrev til hende, men det var alligevel vigtigere for hende at kunne sige, at hun havde prøvet. I retorik kaldes det at efterleve sit gode eksempel for areté.
  5. Endnu et eksempelt på humor: Her bruger Cekic sin måde at fremføre talen på til at skabe humor. Hun laver næsten et lille skuespil, hvor hun genskaber opkaldet til Ingolf for sit publikum. Ved at tage sin hånd op til øret som en telefon, øge tempoet hun taler i, ændre tonen hun taler i og samtidig lave forvirrede grimasser, får hun publikum til at grine. Dette gør talen meget levende og er med til at fange publikum.
  6. Hun pointerer at vi alle i virkeligheden minder meget mere om hinanden end vi går og tror. Mennesker med helt andre holdninger end os, og som opfører sig helt anderledes end vi gør, kan have den samme kaffemaskine som os. Dette er også et eksempel på humor.
  7. Her italesætter hun for første gang for alvor, hvad budskabet er. Vi er ikke så forskellige, som vi måske selv går og tror. De to samtalepartnere har begge fordomme om buschaufføren, der stopper 10 meter væk, og selvom de peger på to forskellige grupper af mennesker, er pointen at de begge overhovedet har en fordom om chaufføren.
  8. Ozlem beror sig generelt på det antitetiske for at udpensle at folk aldrig er blottet for nuancer - ingen er 'bare' god eller ond. Det lægger sig op ad Özlems gennemgående argument, at der er mere som samler os end skiller os ad.
  9. Her nævner hun tre forskellige "modsætninger" af menneskegrupper. Det er en effektiv måde at fremhæve hendes pointe i denne passage, nemlig at uanset hvor modsat folk synes at være udefra, så minder de meget om hinanden alligevel. De synes alle sammen at det er andre mennesker, der er skyld i had og generalisering. Men i virkeligheden skal alle til at se indad og begynde at gøre noget for at stoppe det.
  10. Her bruger Cekic sin egen baggrund som agrument for, at hun forstår sine samtalepartneres følelse af ikke at have indflydelse. Efterfølgende siger hun "But today I know the reality is different". Dette fungerer som en form for gendrivelse. Dvs. at hun inddrager modpartens synspunkt for derfeter at at argumentere imod det. Cekic viser derved at hun er i stand til at tænke i modsatrettede baner, og at hun har gjort sig mange overvejelser omkring sit argument.
  11. Talen anvender med fordel det stilistiske virkemiddel hyperblen ved at skitsere vores vante fordomme og generaliseringer om nogle omtalte grupperinger. Brugen af adjektiver formår både at latterliggøre disse men påviser også at mennesker sjældent kan reduceres til enkelte ord.
  12. Henvisningen til Ingolf fungerer både som en slags cirkelslutning, men skaber også en rød tråd. Özlem påminder sit publikum om at hun er en som gør, som hun siger. Det at Özlem minder sit publikum om at hun gør som hun siger er endnu et eksempel på areté.
  13. Hun refererer igen til sin tidligere pointe om, at det er en god idé at medbringe mad, da det skaber et slags fællesskab og letter stemningen. Det letter på samme tid stemingen hos publikum, da der er noget humor i det, og det gør forestillingen om et møde med en modstander lidt mindre skræmmende.
  14. Ordet "we" går i denne passage igen som det første ord i sætningerne. Dette kaldes anafor og har en understregende funktion. Der er altså fokus på, at vi alle kender til problemet med ekstreme holdninger, at vi alle udelukker den type af mennesker, og at vi alle så vidt muligt kun omgåes mennesker, vi allerede identificerer os med. Men Cekics ønske er netop, at vi forsøger at mødes med andre typer af mennesker end os selv, fordi det i sidste ende kan være med til at mindske mængden af ekstreme holdninger i samfundet
  15. Özlem bruger meget af talen på at forklare sit publikum, at de nok ikke er så forskellige fra dem som de demoniserer. Derfor giver det også god mening at talen slutter med en meget direkte handlingsanvisning "Find your Ingolf". Således giver hun publikum mulighed for at aktualisere budskabet.
  16. Metaforen om skyttegraven er måske en cliché og efterhånden en såkaldt død metafor, men den formår at understrege og afbilde budskabet og formålet med talen: at vi lige nu skyder på hinanden fra hver vores skyttegrav med ord og fordomme, og at vi i stedet bør bygge en forsonende bro mellem os.
  17. Ved hjælp af citatet får Cekic opsummeret talens budskab, som har gået igen løbende i talen. Vi kan kun besejre ondskaben og fordommene ved at imødekomme hinanden. Cekic bruger desuden et citat af Sergeot Uzan, hvilket sætter hele talens emne i perspektiv. Cekic har fokuseret på truslerne, hun har modtaget, mens Uzans citat bunder i en reel terrorhandling. Med andre ord minder dette os om, at fordommene ikke kun kommer til udtryk ved hjælp af ord men også gerninger.

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