Den retoriske situation
John McCain var en amerikansk politiker, der var senator for Arizona fra 1987 til 2018. Han repræsenterede det republikanske parti. Talen er interessant, fordi McCain i 2000 konkurrerede mod George W. Bush om kandidaturet som det republikanske partis præsidentkandidat. Bush vandt, og blev siden præsident fra 2001-2009. McCain blev efter Bushs to præsidentperioder valgt som ny præsidentkandidat, men tabte valget til demokraternes Barack Obama. Situationen her er særlig, da McCain før sin død inviterede både Bush og Obama til at tale ved sin begravelsesceremoni, to personer der begge har været markante politiske modstandere. Her kigger vi på Bushs tale. Situationen er på trods af omstændighederne uomtvisteligt politisk, når det netop er Bush der taler, fordi han er en tidligere præsident. Det vil sige, at talen bliver en mindetale med elementer af en politisk tale, det kaldes en eulogi. Eulogien er en særlig genre, der er tradition for i USA. Eulogien er samtidig en svær genre, fordi talen ikke må blive upassende politisk. I situationen her er det særligt udfordrende for Bush, fordi han skal holde en tale for flere af sine politiske modstandere. McCain repræsenterede nemlig den mere centrumorienterede del af det republikanske parti.
Hvorfor er denne tale interessant?
Talen er særligt interessant, fordi Bush bliver nødt til at skabe et fælles ståsted mellem ham selv og det tilstedeværende publikum, der er hans politiske modstandere. Det gør han ved at fremhæve McCain som en eksemplarisk amerikansk soldat, patriot og demokratisk frihedskæmper. Publikum kender McCains fortid som krigsveteran fra Vietnamkrigen, hvor han blev stærkt lemlæstet og sad som krigsfange i seks år. Det bruger Bush som fælles referenceramme gennem sin tale. Derudover formår Bush at indfri de almindelige forventninger til en mindetale, blandt andet at anerkende McCains død, hylde hans minde og forene fællesskabet igen efter tabet.
Cindy and the McCain family, I am honored to be with you, to offer my sympathies and to celebrate a great life. The nation joins your extraordinary family in grief and gratitude for John McCain. Some lives are so vivid, it is difficult to imagine them ended. Some voices so vibrant and distinctive, it is hard to think of them stilled. A man who seldom rested is laid to rest and his absence is tangible, like the silence after a mighty roar.
The thing about John's life was the amazing sweep of it. From a tiny prison cell in Vietnam to the floor of the United States Senate. From trouble-making pleb to presidential candidate. Wherever John passed throughout the world, people immediately knew there was a leader in their midst. And one epic life was written the courage of our country. For John and me there was a personal journey, a hard-fought political history. Back in the days he could frustrate me, and I know he'd say the same thing about me. But he also made me better. In recent years we sometimes talk of that intense period like football players, remembering a big game. In the process rivalry melted away. In the end I got to enjoy one of life's great gifts, the friendship of John McCain, and I'll miss it.
Moments before my last debate ever with Senator John Kerry in Phoenix, I was trying to gather some thoughts in the holding room. I felt a presence, opened my eyes, and six inches from my face was McCain who yelled "Relax, relax!"
John was above all a man with a code. He lived by a set of public virtues that brought strength and purpose to his life and to his country.He was courageous, with a courage that frightened his captors, and inspired his countrymen. He was honest, no matter whom it offended. Presidents were not spared. He was honorable. always recognizing that his opponents were still patriots and human beings. He loved freedom with a passion of a man who knew its absence.He respected the dignity inherent in every life, a dignity that does not stop at borders and cannot be erased by dictators.
Perhaps above all John detested the abuse of power, could not abide bigots and swaggering. He spoke up for the little guy, forgotten people in forgotten places. One friend from naval academy days recalls John reacted to seeing an upperclassman verbally abuse a steward. Against all tradition, he told the jerk to pick on someone his own size. It was a familiar refrain during the six decades of service.
Where does such strength and conviction come from? Perhaps from a family where honor was in the atmosphere or from the firsthand experience of cruelty which left physical reminders that lasted his whole life. Or from some deep well of moral principle. Whatever the cause, it was this combination of courage and decency that defined John's calling, and closely paralleled the calling of his country.
It is a tribute to his moral compass that dissidents and prisoners in so many places from Russia to North Korea to China knew that he was on their side. And I think their respect meant more to him than any medals and honors life could bring. The passion for fairness and justice extended to our own military when a private was poorly seaman was overworked in terrible conditions, John enjoyed nothing more than dressing down an admiral or a general. He remained a troublesome pleb to the end.
John is the first to tell you he was not a perfect man but he dedicated his life to national ideals that are as perfect as men and women have yet conceived. He was motivated by a vision of America carried ever forward, ever upward, on the strength of its principles. He saw our country not only as a physical place or power but as the carrier of enduring human aspirations. As an advocate for the oppressed, as a defender of the peace, as a promise, unwavering, undimmed, unequalled. Strength of democracy is renewed by reaffirming the principles on which it was founded and America somehow always found leaders who were up to that task particularly at the time of greatest need.
John was a restless soul. He really didn't glory in success or wallow in failure because he was always onto the next thing, said he can't stay in the same experience.
One of his books ended with the words "and I moved on." John has moved on. He would probably not want us to dwell on it, but we are better for his presence among us. The world is smaller for his departure, and we will remember him as he was, unwavering, undimmed, unequalled.
Det siger retorikeren
Bush holder en vellykket tale, der opfylder de forventninger, der er ved en begravelsesceremoni. Han anerkende McCains død fra start, og han hylder hans bedrifter og person igennem hele talen. Derudover forener han sig selv med publikum om at leve videre med de værdier, som McCain var et godt eksempel på.
Det bliver tydeligt, at talen er en eulogi, når Bush f.eks. fremhæver det amerikanske militær. Men måden, han gør det på, er passende. Bush kan godt hylde det amerikanske militær, fordi det bliver bundet sammen med McCain, der selv var en hyldet krigsveteran. Derfor kan Bush fremhæve værdier ved McCain, f.eks. freedom, courage og decency, der er værdier, som USA også traditionelt set står for. Og sådan bliver den hyldest Bush laver af McCain også en hyldest af USA som land.
Selve sproget i talen er imponerende, fordi der er mange gentagelsesfigurer, sammenligninger og kontraster. Gentagelserne gør, at man som tilhører nemmere kan forstå og huske talen, fordi det vigtige bliver gentaget, og så lyder talen godt. Sammenligningerne og kontrasterne skaber et ekstraordinært, storslået og rørende portræt af McCain.
Det lykkedes derfor Bush at holde en tale, der er vellykket i situationen. Og det lykkedes på trods af, at hans publikum er hans politiske modstandere. Talen er derfor et godt eksempel på, hvordan man kan skrive en tale, der forener og fremhæver det fælles grundlag, som retor og publikum har.